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we are heading towards a particular

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sector of West Antarctica draining into

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the Amundsen Sea this sector is drained

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by six glaciers the biggest ones are

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Pine Island glacier and Thwaites glacier

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the speed of the glaciers measured by

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satellite is shown in color code red is

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fast blue is slower and green is the

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slowest the glaciers flow into the sea

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and form floating extensions called ice

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shafts nine red are the areas where the

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flow speed is increasing almost every

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year the darker the red the more the

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glacier has been speeding up you see

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that all the glaciers are speeding up

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now we focus our attention on the Smith

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glacier which is a smaller glacier but

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which has experienced some of the most

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the grounding line of Smith glacier in

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1996 he's at the transition boundary

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between the blue-collar the ice shop and

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the white collar is resting on the

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continent

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now we transition to 2011 the grounding

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line is 45 kilometers farther back a

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retreat of nearly two kilometers per

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year if we could peel off the ice from

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the continent and see the bed this is

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what it would look like the arrows

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indicate the flow direction of ice that

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color indicates the speed blue is slow

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red is fast we see that the glaciers

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flow on top of major subgrade short

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valleys colored in brown the darker the

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brown color the deeper the valleys as

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the glaciers retreat they will follow

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these deep valleys there is no mountain

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or big hill along the way that could act

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as a barrier to hold these glaciers back

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the Glacial speed up the grounding line

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retreat the deep values that are sloping

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inland all reinforce each other to make

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the retreat of ice in this part of